Reflecting on the Incarnation

We have a fascination with knowing the lives of our favorite celebrities and historical figures. Seeing their interests outside of the medium that we are used to seeing them in adds a more human element to who they are since we see them outside of the part of their life that made them famous. When they step outside of the spotlight we can at times get a glimpse of their past, which can be very inspiring especially when it comes to hearing of the obstacles they had to overcome. It hits us even harder when their story is something that we ourselves have also gone through.

How could this not be the same for Jesus, the man from Nazareth in the region of Galilee? As Christians we tend to focus more on the Messianic figure who came to save us from our sins, and while that is certainly the most important part of His life we sometimes forget that He came to us as one of us, a man. He has a life story and while we may not be able to know as much about Him as we like there is enough information about life in the area where He grew up to give us some idea of the world in which He existed. 

 

There are so many of us who wonder about his teen and young adult years and while that would be interesting to know there is certainly much more that we can explore. What was it like to be from such a small town? What was it like to come from a small family? How did it feel not to come from wealth and privilege? What was it like to hear stories of the dangers that your family faced prior to and right after your birth? What was it like to live in a nation that was occupied by a foreign power? How did it feel to be so different from those around you? Finally, how many of us also have a story for these same questions? 

 

The last question is most important because we have all had that experience of having some kind of mentor in our lives, perhaps even a famous person that we have followed for years whose story is similar to ours. A person whose story is like our own and for that reason alone, we feel a deep connection to them. What if we found similar connections with the same man who was also the God of the universe? How much would that change our prayer life? How would that impact the way we receive the Eucharist? Could we ever pray specific Mysteries of the Rosary in the same way? In other words, could it draw us even closer to Jesus just based on the fact that we have found a deeper human connection with Him? 

 

 

History, Geography & Culture  

 

Nazareth

The scriptures tell us that Nazareth was the home of Mary (Luke 1:26) and the place where Jesus grew up (Matt 13:54, Luke 4:16, Luke 2:4 & Matt 2:23). It was seen as an insignificant agricultural village not far from the major trade route to Egypt known as the Via Maris. Right away, those of us from small towns can relate to Jesus' upbringing in the sense that we too have probably had been questioned as to why we would live in such an area or perhaps have been criticized for our simple lifestyle.

The fact that Jesus came from Nazareth led Nathanial to question His legitimacy with these words from John 1:46: Can anything good come from Nazareth? While many people may be quick to criticize those from a small town perhaps Nazareth was the perfect place for the Messiah to come from based on a   Hebrew inscription found at Caesarea that lists Nazareth as one of the villages in which the priestly division resided after the Jewish revolt (see Luke 1:8-9). The influence of such priests is without a doubt due to the piety attributed to the people of Nazareth. This is best displayed in the fact that it is the only Jewish settlement where archaeologists have never discovered any pagan remains.  

 

This little town in Galilee was never mentioned in the Old Testament but the pious presence within the community was perhaps the perfect setting for Mary and Joseph. The holiness that had to be a part of their daily lives certainly produced a piety that was necessary to raise their divine Son while also giving them the spiritual wisdom to receive specific messages from heaven. After all, this is the place where our Blessed Mother experienced the Annunciation (Luke 1:26-38) as well as the place where Joseph had his dream that encouraged him to take our Blessed Mother and Jesus into his home (Matthew 1:18-25). In other words, was there a better place during that time and place to feel the presence of the Holy Spirit?

 

These are things we can relate to for a number of reasons. Every town has its issues but not every town has the same values. Many people tend to notice that small towns have a greater sense of community. Aside from that, they also have less distractions so perhaps this is the best environment to live out one's faith. After all, is it not common for people from the big city to find places for retreats that provide some sense of quiet or distance from the metropolitan life? 

 

We also see people judged more by where they are from rather than what they can do along with their values and principles. What did Nathanial mean when he questioned the possibility of anything good coming from Nazareth? Was there a natural assumption that the Messiah would come from Jerusalem simply because it was the location of the Temple? We tend to fall into the same way of thinking today, which is rather interesting since we now have a President-elect who is from the state of Delaware who defeated the incumbent from New York. The lesson here, look at the person for who they are and not where they are from.  

 

Therefore, in terms of where Jesus came from, Nazareth was the perfect place.

 

 

Galilee 

The region of  Galilee is in the northern territory where Jews began to settle in 164 BC following the Maccabean revolt. It is also the place where Jesus conducted a major part of His ministry. His upbringing and early ministry took place in Nazareth, which is in lower Galilee while most of His public ministry occurred in Capernaeum, which is located in the northwestern end of the Sea of Galilee. Matthew identified Capernaeum as Jesus' home (Matthew 9:1).

 

It is said that Judaism assumed its definitive form there as it produced the Mishnah, which is a colletion of Rabbinic laws that covered everything from agricultural tithes, public feasts, marriage, torts, sacrifices at the Temple and ritual purity. The region also produced the Palestinian Talmud, which is one of two long collections of Jewish religious literature. 

In other words, Jesus came from a region that was had a strong sense of order, which He addressed when He spoke of fulfilling the Law in Matthew 5:17-18:  Do not think that I have come to abolish the law or the prophets. I have come not to abolish but to fulfill. Amen, I say to you, until heaven and earth pass away, not the smallest letter or the smallest part of a letter will pass from the law, until all things have taken place. 

 

Jesus could not speak of the true meaning of the Law if He wasn't familiar with the Law itself. Yes, there are those who would speak of His divine nature as part of the Godhead who delivered the Law to Moses but it is also rather interesting to see that He comes from a region where many scholars wrote extensively on the application of these laws. 

 

Many of us experience such order in various places from taking classes with strict teachers, coaches with teams who followed specific guidelines to professions that require its employees to adhere to certain rules to not only increase production but to also protect the employee and the company from harm. In each case, the group can only work effectively if they not only follow the rules but buy into those rules.

 

Even if the focus was on Jesus being from the region of Galilee rather than the town of Nazareth it would still not spare Him from some type of suspicion. The Gospel of John (1:46 and 7:52) demonstrate this attitude of the Jews from Jerusalem and Judea towards those from Galilee.

 

In other words, like many of us, Jesus was judged based on where He was from. That would also include the way He looked and the way He lived. This is a challenging part of the human experience and something we can take to Jesus in prayer knowing that He knows this from firsthand experience. 

  

Carpentry 

Most of us might assume that Jesus' trade was similar to what carpenters do today but that was not the case. According to Isaiah 44:13-17, carpenters planted, tended to and cut down the trees with which they worked. That meant that they were responsible for more than gathering the necessary supplies to do their work as they had to provide it for themselves. 

 

Carpenters followed in their father's footsteps as it was not a profession that was sought by educated men.  It was certainly hard and laborious work as excavations have uncovered tools such as an axe, saw, chisel, hammer, drills and nails. Such tools were needed as carpenters built homes while also making and repairing stools, tables, benches, cabinets, doors, window frames, plows, yokes and many other essential items. Therefore, when we create artistic depictions of Jesus, while skin color seems to be a point of debate for some I think it is fair to say that the one thing we can all agree is that Jesus was probably quite muscular.

This is why many were surprised at Jesus the teacher as was displayed in Matthew 13:55 and Mark 6:3. Such wisdom was not normally displayed by men of this trade so like many of us, Jesus was labeled based on what He did to make a living. 

 

Many of us have been looked upon with suspicion based on our livelihoods or perhaps even our worldviews or affiliations. How many times were labels given to us by those who knew nothing more than what we did for a living? Yes, Jesus would know that same feeling and it had to hurt to receive such reactions since the wisdom He displayed was for the benefit of all, including those who treated Him in this way. 

  

Trades and Professions

 

Hundreds of Galileans lived in small towns and villages scattered throughout the countryside. They lived in modest homes made of mud brick that were clustered together on the side of a hill. Local craftsmen included carpenters, potters, weavers, blacksmiths and shoemakers who had small one room shops. Most of these craftsmen were assisted by their son who also acted as their apprentice. Many of them were also farmers and shepherds with many Galileans rarely traveling more than a day's journey from home. They might visit the Holy City once a year in the same way that Joseph took his family for Passover (Luke 2:41). 

 

Each of these workers had to know of the effort that each person put into their crafts. Since these small shops were usually at the edge of the marketplace they had the chance to not only admire each other's work but also see how everyone contributes to the communities that they lived in. Jesus was a part of such a community and therefore witnessed the progress these communities made through their collective efforts.

 

Aside from that, Jesus also used this experience when it came to teaching the crowds. Rebecca Sodergren tells us that "(many of) Jesus' parables sometimes focused on day laborers." When one reads through such parables we can see the detail that Jesus uses to make His point, which had to resonate more than what they might have heard from the more learned teachers of the Law who did not live the same lives as most of the people. 

 

Sadly, there are still those who look at laborers with suspicion or with some form of elitism. In fact, young people at times base their future choices on both going to college and pursuing some reputable career that may not be the calling of their heart because of the status that they think it will bring. Meanwhile, we continue to fall short in seeing the contributions that these laborers make to our world based on what we have been taught in terms of who deserves to be treated with greater reverence. 

 

Why is this so? How much do we really know about the plumber or electrician? They certainly went to school and are most likely literate. For all we know, they might spend a lot of their down time reading, watching the news, spending time helping their kids with homework....learning! All one has to do is sit down and have a conversation with such people to see what I am talking about. So how is it not possible that this carpenter from Nazareth might know what He is talking about when it comes to the Kingdom of God?

 

Religious Life, Education and Diet 

The faith life of these people was also of great importance. After dinner the men gathered in local synagogues for evening services. There they would not only pray but also read and discuss the scriptures. During the day young boys went to school at the synagogues. Most of the boys learned ancient Hebrew even though Aramaic was the common language of the people. 

 

Jesus most likely joined Joseph for evening prayer at the synagogue and one could only imagine the impact this had on the young man. After all, this is not only the same man who listened to the voice of the angel who told him to take Mary into his home but already had a fervor of faith in his heart that allowed him to trust that voice. Now this same man is raising the boy that Mary carried within her womb and was not only including him in this daily practice but also with the understanding of why it had to be done. Joseph knew who Jesus was and the responsibility he carried to help raise this young boy to become the man that God intended for Him to be. 

 

We already discussed earlier the piety of the people from Nazareth...and this is where Jesus attended daily prayer services in synagogues, learning from priests who led a community that was never corrupted by the influence of paganism. Yet, there were those who questioned anything Jesus had to say simply because of where He was from? Amazing!

 

What impact would it have today for a father to take his son to church? For a son to see his father pray on a regular basis? Once again, we can look not only to the example Jesus set in His ministry but also the example that was given to Him by His earthly father.

 

Jesus' family were not a part of the Jewish aristocracy that lived well thanks to the appointments that were given out by their Roman rulers. Therefore, they most likely ate meat only on holidays, which was anything from roasted lamb or goat, small fowl such as pigeons, salted fish from the Sea of Galilee or boiled chicken from a local farm. Their regular diet included beans, lentils, cucumbers, leeks, onions, garlic, lettuces, figs, apricots, olives among many other things, which of course included bread most likely made from ground legumes along with grains. 

 

Such a simple diet certainly suggests that time spent eating with one's family members had to be an important part of one's day. This is certainly something we can relate to, especially when we think of those moments of eating comfort food with our family members and friends, our daily lunches with our co-workers along with those important discussions we have over a meal. We would certainly be correct in thinking that Jesus had some of His most important discussions with His own disciples during a meal, which of course was best demonstrated at The Last Supper (Matthew 26:17-30, Mark 14:12-26, Luke 22:7-38 and John 13:1-30).

  

The Messiah 

There is only one Messiah and such a person was going to be different from the rest of us. The pressure was enormous due to the expectations from the people alone without thinking about the purpose of such a mission. Then there would certainly be the threats that one would have to endure from those who would be threatened by this person's appearance. 

 

The expectations from the people were based on themes and beliefs that originated in early Israelite religion along with ideas that came from extra biblical and/or apocryphal sources. Regardless of how messianic ideas developed it is clear that there were no consistent conceptions. Of course, there were many popular ideas such as the restoration of Israel and/or the establishment of an earthly paradise. Further, the Messiah himself was believed by many to be a pre-existent superhuman being who would come from heaven that will conqueror the nations and rule the earthly kingdom. 

 

Then comes this humble carpenter from Nazareth.

 

For years theologians and Christians have speculated of the conversations Mary and Joseph had with Jesus about who He was along with His future mission. Of course, that would include stories from their past such as The Flight to Egypt in Matthew 2:13-15 when they had to endure the first of many threats that could come Jesus' way, which would serve as a preview of one of many struggles Jesus would face during His earthly ministry. 

 

Jesus endured rejection (Luke 4:16-30) and abandonment (John 6:60-66) and then told His own followers that they too were to expect such things (Matthew 10:16-25). Did this sound anything like the Messianic expectations that had long been discussed by the Jewish people? No, but that is the difference between truth and belief. Still, Jesus had to endure the struggles that would come from not fulfilling the expectations of many. 

 

Speaking of struggles, one could only wonder how much Jesus endured during the temptation in the desert. The Gospels tell us that He was hungry at the end of His fast (Matthew 4:2 and Luke 4:2). The Gospel of Matthew tells us that He fasted for forty days, which in biblical language means an adequate amount of time. Some may ask adequate for what and that is where I would suggest that He was out in the desert long enough to be vulnerable to Satan's temptations. 

 

Is that not in fact something we also encounter in our lives? Take for example, the opportunity to steal money. In most cases, I would argue that most of us would not do such a thing or at least think more about why we shouldn't do it. But would that be the case if we were facing financial hardships? Would that not be a moment when we might try to find reasons to take money that doesn't belong to us since we can find a good use for it? Therefore, would Jesus find reasons to turn stone to bread if He was in fact hungry? 

 

That is the nice thing about speculation is that we can do so by applying real life experiences to the discussion. It is even better when an artist does so in a way where we can highlight some specific circumstances that really make us think about why we might be prone to do certain things that are not in our character. Take for example the temptation scene from the film Jesus when our Lord was played by Jeremy Sisto: Jesus Tempted by Satan

 

How does one not see this scene and not appreciate Jesus' commitment to God's will? Yes, we can remind ourselves that He was both God and man but He was still a man that endured the same struggles we encounter and showed us how to do things the right way.

 

Conclusion 

I want to share a story from my early days of teaching. It was Back to School Night and I recall a student telling me earlier in the day that his father would come in and most likely ask a ton of awkward questions. I laughed aloud when the student apologized to me beforehand. It didn't take long for me to discover who his father was as he walked into a class filled with parents and started with his inquiries. I could see the irritation from some parents as he never gave me a chance to start with my presentation. It got even worse when he asked me about a class that I was not teaching at the time: If this is a Catholic school, why do you have a class called World Religions? I simply told him that I am not in charge of  curriculum and that he should go and speak to the teacher of that course, whose classroom was down the hallway. 

 

He wasn't done. Okay then, what would you say if a student asked you what was so different about our religion compared to other religions? Oh man....really?! You had to ask this young twenty something year old teacher that question in a classroom full of parents? Now the irritated parents began to murmur as they too were intrigued by his question. That was when I took a look around the room and noticed the number of parents who were dressed in suits, scrubs and other professional attire; educated people who had obviously come from work to see their children's teachers. And now I had to prove to all of them that they were spending their money well on tuition and other fees. 

 

Thank God for the influence of the Holy Spirit: Jesus never asked anything of His followers that He Himself did not do. 

 

Yes, the parents commended me on my answer, including the father with all of the questions. For years I focused on the fact that Jesus not only told His followers to expect to be persecuted and killed for what they did for the Kingdom of God but also endured those harsh realities Himself. But as I reflected on this blog I realized that my answer was far more than that. Jesus had a family, had to learn various skills so He could work, had a specific diet based on what was available, lived in a world that was occupied by harsh rulers and so much more...before He would go out and endure all the trials and tribulations of His ministry. 

 

So what does that really say about the fact that the God of the universe came to us as one of us? What does that say about the value of a human being? What does that say about us being able to relate to Him knowing that He knows that much about us and mind you, not just from His omniscience but from the fact that He also lived it? 

 

He was not in some kind of parallel existence as He too lived in this broken world. He was right there with us, living the same struggles. Yes, we speak of Jesus being without sin but how many times have we all succeeded in doing the right thing? Yes, all of us have done it, which shows that it can be done, especially when we allow God's grace to empower us to do His will. 

 

Jesus is always there to show us the way and if we look hard enough we can see that He did that long before He started His earthly ministry.

 

 

Carlos Solorzano 

• BA & MA in Religious Studies from Cal State Long Beach   
• Certified Through the Theology of the Body Institute   
• Theology Instructor at St. Augustine Catholic High School  

 

 

Sources 

• Achtemeier, Paul J. (General Editor). Harper's Bible Dictionary. Harper San Francisco 1985 (pgs. 156-157, 320-330, 475-476, 642, 689 & 1016)
• McKenzie, John L. S. J. Dictionary of the Bible MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. New York 1965 (pgs. 123, 293-294, 571-572, 607-608)
• Wright, G. Ernest ) Principal Adviser and Editorial Consultant). Great People of the Bible and How They Lived. The Reader's Digest Association Inc. Pleasantville, NY 1974 (pgs. 309-312, 322-325, 331) 
• https://www.post-gazette.com/life/recipes/2013/03/28/The-Food-Column-A-look-at-the-food-and-feasts-of-Jesus/stories/201303280373 

King Afonso: The Christian King of Africa

Christianity as we know it is still predominantly a Western religion that has defined its creeds and proselytized its members from a Eurocentric point of view. However, the demographics of Christian communities have been shifting for years now towards the Non-Western nations, which is also leading a number of people to incorporate aspects of those cultures into Liturgies, services and theologies that better serve their communities. This, of course also happened centuries ago in Europe prior to missionaries taking the Gospel abroad.

 

As those of the Non-Western nations begin to find themselves having more of a say in Church matters we are beginning to find out that the influence of non-Western leaders is indeed nothing new in the history of Christendom. Unfortunately, this is something that is rarely known by most Christians around the world since there has been a bias towards the activities and theological accomplishments of figures from the West. Therefore, this effort will seek to offer a new face to the discussion as it presents the efforts of King Afonso of the Congo, a Christian king whose life rivals many of the great leaders of Christianity, specifically Roman Emperor Constantine.

 

Another Constantine?

King Afonso of the Congo was born Mbemba Nzinga and was the first Christian ruler south of the Sahara. He became aware of the Christian faith when he came in contact with Portuguese traders and was baptized on May 3, 1491. He claimed that his conversion came from a, special divine grace, which led him to renounce his former indigenous religious beliefs and idolatrous practices. Following his conversion he worked for twenty years to establish a Christian kingdom in to the provinces that he ruled.

 

Other than the fact that he was favorable to Christian beliefs Afonso has been compared to emperor Constantine for events in his life that seemed to mirror the life of the Roman Emperor who legalized the practice of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Therefore, it has been common to address him as the new Constantine or even the apostle to the Congo. However, we will see that Afonso was indeed a much more sincere Christian than the Roman Emperor.

The first reason to reference Afonso as a Constantine-type figure is the fact that his ascent to the throne was not without a struggle. Constantine of course had to contend with rival emperor figures including his final confrontation with Licinius whose superstitions prevented him from allowing his soldiers to attack Constantine’s forces directly since he feared the labarum on their shields. Afonso on the other hand had to deal with Mpanzo Nzinga, his half-brother along with his accomplices who attempted to deny him his right to the throne following the death of his father. These similarities are striking but most likely not out of the ordinary. It is nothing new for leaders to struggle in their attempts for power, as it is nothing new for supernatural stories to circulate following such events as they are meant to inspire these leaders to pursue their struggles while giving the hearer reasons to believe that such a leader’s ascent was part of a divine plan. However, we will see that it was in the lives of both men after their defining experiences that separate them in terms of who was a better Christian. 

The second similarity to Constantine was his struggle to retain his throne. Religious traditionalists who gathered around Mpanzo accused Afonso and other Christian converts of sorcery while being puppets of the Portuguese foreigners and had a force prepared to fight for the control of their nation. According to tradition Afonso’s forces, upon recognizing the fact that they were outnumbered fell to their knees and called upon St. James, who is also the patron saint of the Portuguese, for assistance. Accounts within the tradition claim that Mpanzo’s forces fled from the scene with survivors claiming that Mpanzo’s forces saw a vision in the sky of a white cross along with St. James and a multitude of warriors on horseback.  This is similar to traditions of Constantine. Eusebius tells us that Constantine had a vision in the sky of the Chi and Rho letters of the Greek alphabet, and heard a voice say to him, in this you shall conquer. Lactantius, on the other hand claimed that Constantine had a dream to place a Christian symbol on the shields of his soldiers. Obviously both Roman traditions along with the Congolese tradition are stories that are meant to demonstrate that God was with Afonso and Constantine while implying that these two men were picked by God to be His King.

A Fork in the Road

 

Once we get past the traditions of ascent we can see that both individuals had different objectives in terms of the type of empire that they sought to rule along with their personal examples of behavior.  Immediately after his victory Afonso built a church over the tombs of his forefathers and named it Our Lady of Victories so it would serve as a reminder of the battle that led to his ascent as the Manicongo (Lord of Conquest/governor of conquered people). Further, with his intention of creating a Christian nation he personally burned idols, faced rebellions by indigenous traditionalists and, following a blessing the presiding priest, preached to his people after Mass.

 

Aside from his confrontations with native traditions Afonso also had to deal with problems within the structure of the Church. First, he had to deal with Congolese converts who backslid into their idolatry and polygamous behavior. This led him to contact the Portuguese and request more missionaries and professional preachers in order to reach the heart of the people. Sadly, this would lead to further problems as many Portuguese missionaries would arrive to the Congo and go on to live in homes with slave girls. Once this information went public Afonso was taunted by his own people who claimed that, everything was a lie. Amazingly, Afonso did not give up in his quest to build a Christian nation as this led him to send many of his relatives to Lisbon, Portugal to study in religious houses in his attempt to establish a Congolese clergy and hierarchy.  

Constantine on the other hand ended the persecution of Christians and returned church buildings and cemeteries back into the hands of the church. This would happen while the Roman Empire was still divided into two parts with Constantine ruling the West and Licinius ruling the East. Eventually they would meet in battle as Constantine sought to unify the empire, as it was his desire to return Rome to its ancient glory.

Christian history has been favorable to Constantine not only for his generosity in returning property to the Church but also for his issuing of the Edict of Milan, which of course legalized the practice of Christianity. However, it has unfortunately ignored the fact that Constantine’s consideration of Christians and their practices was not something that was unique in his time. In fact, his last rival Licinius while not being a Christian took no measures against them. Some Christians in his territory detested him because he used his power to neutralize public disorders that were created by Christians who were in disagreement over a number of issues. For some reason many Christians felt slighted by Licinius so they begin praying for Constantine to defeat him.

In terms of Christian practice Afonso was Constantine’s superior as the latter did not align himself with the Christian God even though he did appear to believe in the power of Jesus Christ. He also continued to consult the the oracles of Apollo, participated in non-Christian ceremonies and accepted the title of High Priest in the indigenous Roman religion. Further, he never put himself under the authority of any bishop or other Christian teachers. One could argue that it was necessary for Constantine to have good relations with both Christians and those that practiced indigenous Roman traditions since Rome had not yet arrived to the era of emperor Theodosius who would in turn outlaw all indigenous religious practices.

 

Conclusion

Afonso and Constantine were both kings that accomplished great things so history in general should be aware of and praise both for their efforts. But in the case of who was the better Christian, the apostle of the Congo should be recognized for his efforts by all Christians, regardless of geography. Constantine however, has always benefited from a kinder interpretation of history including bishops of his day who never questioned his associations with indigenous Roman practices while discouraging such behavior form their regular converts. Sure, we can and continue to praise his issuance of the Edict of Milan but in terms of sincere religiosity, one’s character should count when they are praised by the church as a model of faith.

 

If a church claims to have a universal message and states that it loves and accepts all people then they should expand their vision and praise and share the great faith and deeds of figures such as Afonso as his efforts should be of great inspiration to all Christians, not just African Christians. However, while many moments in Afonso’s life are indeed comparable to Constantine's life we should not be so quick to claim that he is another Constantine for his merits allow him to stand on his own. 

 

 

Sources

• Gonzalez, Justo. The Story of Christianity Volume I: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation. Harper San Francisco 1984 (p. 107 & 402) 
• Baur, John. 2000 Years of Christianity in Africa: An African Church History. Pauline Publication Africa. 1994 (pgs. 17, 55 & 57) 
• Isichei Elizabeth. A History of Christianity in Africa: From Antiquity to the Present. William B. Eerdman's Publishing Company Grand Rapids, MI. African World Press Inc.  Lawrenceville, NJ.  1995 (pgs. 64-65)

Carlos Solorzano

BA & MA in Religious Studies from Cal State Long Beach

Certified through the Theology of the Body Institute 

Theology Instructor at St. Augustine Catholic High School 

Gospel Reflection: Love of Enemies and Judging Others

There are two things that I would like to highlight from this week's Gospel. Why should we love our enemies and what does it mean to judge others? 

Loving Our Enemies

The love of one's enemy seems to be less complicated to many of us today thanks to the the world becoming smaller. This has led to more personal interaction with people that we would normally distance ourselves from with that having more of an influence on our perspective than say media messages as well as old cultural influences. These personal interactions also allow us to see the person rather than the image that is being sold and in doing that, we have a better chance to see the reasons for one's behavior. 

Today we live in a world where many seek to find the root cause of a person's actions rather than just a reason to condemn them. While this is a gift of what many call a smaller world we know that we still have a long way to go because there is still the challenge of finding a way to interact with this person when they remain uncooperative. Still, our patience is worth it in the long run because that could be the love that helps the other person feel secure enough to share their burdens that have led to act in this way, thus, giving them the chance to trust the opportunity to move on to something better. 

There are still those moments when we can become territorial because we too have our own burdens to carry. There is a part of our being that knows that we are worthy of being loved so when someone fails to love us it hurts. But we must remind ourselves that we have also done such things to others and throughout those times God was still with us as He is for those who also find themselves on either end of the conflict. He is not going to show preference to one group of people, which also means that He wants all of us to see each other as one human family. This was most apparent in what Jesus taught how often we are to forgive others (Matthew 18:21-22) while also showing us who to love when he praised the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:29-37) while also reaching out the the woman at the well who was also a Samaritan (John 4:4-42). In the context of the time period, we could only imagine how challenging that must have been for His own followers who had to forgive with exception while also being commanded to love all people. 

Another thing that allows us to do this is having an understanding of the burden that is lifted once we forgive others. Many speak on the effort it takes to love another, which is true because of the sacrifices we need to make along with having to show such affection for another when they are behaving in a way that is undeserving. That would also mean that it takes effort to carry a grudge in one way or another, which is why many of us admit after forgiving another that we had grown tired of resenting them. But if we forgive as often as Jesus tells us to we must remember that He is there to give us the graces to have the strength to live in this way. All we have to do is trust Him (Matthew 11:28-30). 

Judging Others

Is there such a thing as right and wrong? What is most interesting about that question is that many who lean more towards a relativistic worldview still take exception to many things that people say or do. When teaching lessons on relativism I ask my students, "If it truly is, to each their own, is it possible to be offended?" After all, regardless of what it is, should our response more or less be, hey, that's your thing. 

My students rarely agree with such an idea and if they do there is also an admission that it's not that simple due to the fact that people do in fact get offended.  

Yes, people do sense a right and a wrong because we all have a conscience. That is easiest when we see one act in a way that hurts others with us also at times seeing that the person getting hurt is the one acting out. Many times people even attempt to redirect Jesus' statement on not judging in a way that more or less tells one's neighbor that they are not allowed to say anything critical. The key to this entire passage is the following: 

            For the measure with which you measure will in return be measured out to you. 

There is no guarantee that the person being corrected is going to react in a positive way. Many people are proud and stubborn and self-reflection can be very uncomfortable. However, even at moments of judging others, God is watching us and expects us to act in a loving way. If we make sure to love our neighbor, even at a moment of correcting them, our Heavenly Father will see that and bless us for acting as He would. Our preferred blessing would be for the other person to accept our words and make a commitment to change. However, the blessing could be the peace that Christ gives us for doing the right thing. 

Lord, teach us to love like You. 

Carlos Solorzano

BA & MA in Religious Studies from Cal State Long Beach

Certified through the Theology of the Body Institute 

Theology Instructor at St. Augustine Catholic High School 

Arizona Marian Conference: 2019

It was an amazing feeling to return to the Arizona Marian Conference as I had another chance to sell copies of my book, I Am His Mother, to so many people who attended this year. Getting there was a challenge in itself because I had to see if there would be space for me after reaching out to the event planners at least a month after the vendor due date. I won't get into the reasons for this but some other plans fell through and the way it happened wasn't very pleasing to say the least.

The first day of the conference was Friday August 23 and it concluded on Sunday August 25. Unlike two years ago when I took the day off from work and drove to the Phoenix area much earlier in the day I decided to go to work that day and am gad to say that I had a great day with my students. Then I left from the east side of Tucson and made the drive first to my hotel in Tempe. To my surprise I had no traffic to deal with so I didn't need much time to gather wind down before heading over to the site of the conference.

I was excited when I arrived to the Double Tree Resort in Scottsdale because it gave me a chance to put on my writer's hat for the weekend. First, it was great to see some familiar faces of the amazing people I met two years ago when I first attended the conference. They had all expressed how happy they were to see me again since I wasn't able to attend last year for personal reasons. Then I met some new people who were just as amazing so I was more than excited to spend the weekend in the presence of this amazing community. So, I set up my table with copies of my book as well as some signs that both summarized my book while also giving them a little bit of information on my professional background.

To my surprise many people wanted to know more about me. They asked a lot about what I did for a living along with other things I did besides write books. That led me to share how I give talks on the Theology of the Body and how I have now created an institute with Nurse Practitioner Angelica Delallana called Humana Corpus Dignitate. Many showed a genuine interest in that so I gave them some information on what we do in the event that they want to bring us in for a presentation.

I was also moved by people who attended the conference two years ago who had purchased my book who took the time to come see me at my table in order to express their love for my book. In one case, a sweet older woman told another woman who was looking at my book that she should buy it because it taught her so much more about Our Blessed Mother. The curious woman said that was all she needed to hear so she went ahead and bought a copy for herself.  Just...WOW!!!

The biggest surprise to me was the way people reacted to my summation of I Am His Mother. Not only did they see the idea as both unique and interesting but many of them encouraged me to see if I could do a reading and/or a presentation on my book for a future conference. I must admit that such an idea was most intriguing to me so I definitely have plans to speak to the event planners about this once they decompress from the conclusion of this year's conference. Little do they know that I already an idea in my head that I already started to put in outline form.

On a personal note, I always love to attend such events because I am a practicing Catholic and it's great to be in a setting different than my day job as a high school theology teacher. Don't get me wrong; I love my job and I was eager to get home to both see my family and to be back at work with my students and colleagues. But, this man needs to have his faith fed as well. That is why I am so grateful for the people I got to spend time with on this amazing weekend. To see people on fire for their faith, other vendors who shared their products & ministries with me, stories other people shared with me as well as the joy on the faces of many who attended as they were just as happy to be there as me.

On top of that I made some business connections both for my book as well as my speaking project. I was greatly encouraged when a California based church gift shop manager said that he wanted to stock my book after giving it a look. I also gave a copy to the contact person at Relevant Radio, which is a station that streams all over the country as they expressed interest in having me do an on air interview about the book . Aside from that, I had the chance to meet people from various parishes and ministries who expressed interest in bringing me in to share the teachings of the Theology of the Body.

One image that stuck with me was when the great theologian and author Edward Sri came out among the vendors following one of his talks to sign and sell copies of his books. He was set up across the room from me so to be at my table talking to people and selling copies of my book while watching him do the same...well, it was certainly a great feeling just to be there.

At the end of the conference I was filled with joy, tired, excited, yet aware of all of the work that I needed to do in order to follow through on the connections I made while keeping the momentum going. Most importantly, I was both blessed and encouraged by everyone that I encountered, which is why I am already looking forward to seeing how much I can accomplish with this part of my life before the start of the 2020 Arizona Marian Conference. 


Carlos Arthur Solorzano 
BA & MA in Religious Studies from Cal State Long Beach 
Certified Through the Theology of the Body Institute 
Theology Teacher at St. Augustine Catholic High School 
Co-founder of Humana Corpus Dignitate 
https://www.facebook.com/HCDTalks/

Reflections on Teaching Theology Part One: God is Love and So Are You

It's hard to believe that I have been teaching theology now for 22 years! It has been both a great joy and a great challenge that I would not trade it for anything. Overall I feel that most of my students have been happy with their time in my classes but that doesn't mean that it has not been without some failures and growing pains that I had to deal with in order to get where I am today.

The last few years have been interesting for me as I have found myself in a mentoring role with many of the young teachers that I have worked with. In a lot of ways they remind me of how I was back in the day when I was in their position when I was going to my mentors asking similar questions. Aside from that, I have recently taught some students this past year who have expressed not only their interest in theology but also their desire to pursue theological studies once they get into college. That's when I decided to share some of the insights I have learned over the years in a series of blogs that begins with this one, which I think is the most important things you can do for your students, and that is simply to show them love.

That may sound easy to some but one of the most disappointing experiences I have dealt with over the years are students who came to me to share some of their struggles with their current teachers. Many times they do compliment these teachers on all of the material they have learned in class but if there is no exchange of love and respect in the class then the material will carry no weight whatsoever. So here are some things I would like to highlight in terms of how you can show love to your students.


Earn Their Trust 

From the first day our students walk into our classrooms we MUST do all that we can to earn their trust. What works for me is to tell them that they are welcome to ask any question that is on their minds and/or hearts. For some of us that might seem kind of scary but I can promise you that they will ask more questions about things that are gnawing at them rather than personal questions (more on that later). Many of the students will be somewhat suspicious of what we said because we still haven't earned their trust but in time one of them will decide to test the waters and that is our moment to show them how sincere we were when we invited them to speak their minds.

Now it's time to address the student with the big question. At that point it is important for us to remain calm and clear because we have no idea why that question came up. Perhaps we will address some strange teaching they heard from another theology teacher (that happens way too often), perhaps it's something they grew up with, there will always be questions about something that surrounds them in our distorted culture and many other things that we'll never see coming. It's always good to thank them for asking the question and them simply do what we can to answer it clearly and lovingly. If we don't know the answer then we should be honest about it and promise to do whatever you can to find the answer. There is no shame in looking something up or speaking to a veteran teacher or administrator who might be able to assist us. Remember that our job is not just to teach the material but to be that beacon of light, that Christ among them that is so beautiful that it will attract them to the faith. Remember the famous saying from Teresa of Avila: Christ has no body now but yours.

The other thing that should be addressed the first day of class is the fact that a theology class is a place where a student may feel moved to share something really personal and that this could happen at any time. That is why we should politely insist that anything said in class that is of a personal nature must remain in the class. That is another way to show the students that we will do everything in our power to protect them. If they feel safe in the environment we have created their trust in us will increase. Aside from that, they will also protect each other because they will model their behavior after our behavior. Of course we have to remind them of our legal obligation to report anything that leads us to believe that the student or another person is in some kind of danger but in most cases it's just something that they need to get off their chest.

Finally, a very important way to earn your students' trust is to share some personal things about ourselves. Let's face it, we didn't arrive to our position as a theology teacher without a faith struggle. In fact, that struggle may have been the very thing that made many of us want to be a theology teacher or because it made us search for answers. Once God revealed these answers to us a spark ignited in our heart that made us want to go out there and share this feeling with the rest of the world.

It is amazing to see the impact it has on our students when we are not afraid to reveal our own flaws and failures because it makes us look like a real person instead of, dare I say it, a mean teacher. Yes, it's true that our students are not relatives or close friends of but Christ did not wait to get to know people on a personal level before showing them God's love. And anyone who has taught before knows that it doesn't take long for a teacher to find out a whole lot about our students. This is the job folks and while this might frighten some of us know that this is the reason why we are teaching theology teacher and not another subject.


See The Good in Everything  

Every class has their own personality. Some times we will have students whose devotion is as strong as our faithful grandmothers while other classes have students who will challenge everything we say. Remember, each of these opportunities is a teachable moment so be grateful that they're actually participating in class and not just sitting there waiting for the bell to ring. The alternative is that they will tune us out because we didn't respect the fact that they are on their own journey and are in fact looking for answers.

The most important thing we can do with all of these students is listen to them! That may sound simple but I can assure that it's not because many of us want to deliver the truths that our students need to know and move on. But we have to remember that they might not be ready for every truth we have to share. Let's dig even deeper to see what I am trying to say.

First off, we have to know the culture in which we live in and to do that there are times when we have to dive right into the mess. Our students already believe things that they have learned from their most trusted relatives and friends along with their favorite celebrities so if we think that we're clever enough to say one simple thing to sway their minds then our hubris is off the charts. Aside from knowing the culture we have to know the student asking the question so listen, listen and then listen some more. Take in all that they are saying because in doing that they can see how serious we are about what we share with them, which is another way of showing them love. Don't forget, even the students with great devotion are watching and need to see how we treat our neighbor. One final thought on dealing with our culture: no matter how aware we think we are of what is going on around us there are many times when the students will show us even more. Again, listen to them.

Second, find the good in the teaching or belief that we are not in agreement with because the same God we are teaching our students about also created the people who hold to a different system of beliefs. Our students need to see that we respect everyone and not just those in front of us. For example, while we might believe in the value of a child having a male and female parent there is nothing to fear in admitting that a same sex couple is capable of loving a child. While we perhaps oppose abortion there is nothing to fear in admitting that a person who helps a desperate woman get an abortion in fact thinks they are doing the right thing. In acknowledging the good of a person's intention from an objective point of view we are showing our students that we are really looking at the whole picture, which in turn shows each student that we take whatever the say seriously.

Such a thing can also be shared when the gossip comes up and believe me, cultural gossip always comes up in a theology class. I remember one time when one of my students made a negative comment after Kim Kardashian married Kanye West. My response, She's a beautiful woman and maybe Kanye really loves her so perhaps they will find real happiness. Then I said that, we should wish them the best because everyone deserves to be happy. 

It got pretty quiet after that.


Grading 

Good teachers focus on whether a student did what was asked of them on the assignment with the content not always being the focus of what is graded. It's bad enough that many college professors threaten their students with bad grades in order to prevent them from being free thinkers. However, free will is a hallmark of Christianity as is love so a student should NEVER feel threatened with a grade based on what they believe. If students are simply writing or saying what they think teachers want to hear they are only learning to lie and if that's what we want from our students then we are doing them a disservice. Remember, it's not about us or dare I say it, our fragile egos, but the student who needs to develop into a free thinking adult. If they in fact do all that we ask of them then they should be rewarded with the appropriate grade.

I have taught Morality for many years and our final project gives students a chance to research a moral behavior that they have strong feelings about. Many of them choose a topic that they have experienced personally with each student having to criticize or defend what they believe to be right or wrong. Regardless of their position on the issue they also have to research arguments from both sides of the aisle and share their reactions to such arguments. This is the part that frightens them the most because like most people they tend to only associate with those who agree with them on the issue. What would happen when they encounter someone who might in fact have a really good argument against their position? To that I tell them, welcome to adulthood. 

In most cases students did think deeply about what they learned and in some cases even changed their points of view on the issue. But there were still times when they remained faithful to their views on issues such as abortion, euthanasia, same sex marriage, etc., all of which are issues where the culture tends to disagree with the Church's stance on the issue. As a teacher you can't see that as a failure because after all, they did in fact research the opposing view to their position and do have to show evidence that they took in what is said by their opponent. In many cases, students find more middle ground than expected, which allows them to see the possibility of being able to work on a solution with those in opposition to their point of view. Imagine that.

Yes, I know that some theology teachers worry for their students' moral development and eternal destination but there are times when all you can do is plant seeds and pray for them. Remember, even Jesus Christ had people walk away from Him and it wasn't always out of hostility. There were times when the things He taught were just too hard for people to understand (John 6:60). But did these people walk away from Him believing that He didn't care about them? And, do we know what happened to these people later in life? How do we know that they didn't have a conversion experience that was simply not recorded in the Gospels? And, what makes us think that the way we treat our students won't impact them later in life even if we never hear about it?

There are moments when it is a leap of faith and there are times when it is not because some of our former students will at times track us down in order to thank us for all that we have done for them.


Outside of the Classroom 

Sometimes the most important thing we can do is show an interest in our students as people. Good theology is much more than an academic subject and the best example of that was when Jesus Christ loved those in need of love. He didn't win the hearts of His people by winning debates with the Pharisees and Sadducees. Those were the moments when He showed the credibility of His teachings (more on that in a later blog).

We spend about 10 months of our year walking the hallways of our schools. We are going to see many of our students hanging out with their friends and at times, not looking very happy. In either case, we should greet them and wish them well. If they look like they need some assistance then we ask them if they are okay and if there is anything you can do to help.

I know this sounds so obvious to many but in 22 years of teaching I can't tell you have many times I have seen colleagues of mine walk right past anyone that approaches them in the hallways without even looking at them. And yes, many of these people were theology teachers! 

W should greet our students every day and let them see us greet our colleagues in the same way. If they share something with us in terms of what they are up to we should ask them about it the following day. Let them see that we are interested in their lives. So many people forget that many of these students come from broken homes and that teachers, coaches, counselors, etc. are in many cases the only adult mentors they have in their lives.


Conclusion 

I hope that some of the insights I have shared will bring some light to those who are figuring out this profession and/or give a glimpse to those who wonder what it's like to be in my position. Yes, there are times when it carries a big weight and so much of what I have learned over the years came from so many opportunities where I failed my students. In each case I never hesitated to apologize to them because that too shows how much I care about them. Each student is also person so if they have been hurt they have the right to have these hurts addressed by the person that hurt them, even if it was a theology teacher.

Aside from that, the rewards are so amazing that you can rarely put into words how it makes you feel. First off, we feel a special grace that could only come from God because we are doing His work while also answering the call to our profession. Second, we see the growth of our students as people because one can never underestimate how it makes a person feel when they know that they are loved. Many times we talk about the look on a woman's face when she is in love and while that is in fact a very beautiful thing to see we will in fact see the same beauty on the face of a teenager who has accepted the fact that there life does it fact have value and meaning, which can only come fro being loved.

You want to talk about having hope for the future...

That's why I love this excerpt from the Dream Theater song Surrender to Reason: "I believe the sacrifices in life give more than they take." Yes, much is always asked of us and there are times when we can feel these demands pulling us in so many different directions. But within that agony there is ecstasy because one, there is always that chance where we will see the difference we made in a young person's life. Aside from that, if we never see the fruits of our labors and/or find out that a student didn't quite make it in life we will never have to look in the mirror and ask ourselves if we exhausted our love for ouor student because we already know the answer.

I'll let Karl Menninger have the last word.   

Carlos Arthur Solorzano 
BA & MA in Religious Studies from Cal State Long Beach 
Certified Through the Theology of the Body Institute 
Theology Teacher at St. Augustine Catholic High School 

Christian Love and...Rocky? Part Six

A good woman is hard to find, and worth far more than diamonds. Her husband trusts her without reserve, and never has reason to regret it. 
                                                                                                             - Proverbs 31:10-11

She worked at a pet store and happened to be the sister of his best friend. Even though she was very shy there was something about her that attracted Rocky Balboa. He pursued her gently and eventually won her heart. Eventually they would marry and have a son and she would be there with him to celebrate all of his glorious moments as well as his greatest struggles. Adrian Balboa loved Rocky without question even when it wasn't always the easiest things for her to do.

That was until he lost her to ovarian cancer.  At the beginning of the sixth film we see him sitting at Adrian's grave and looking totally lost. Rocky is devastated because Adrian was his everything.

Later that night he takes a tour with his brother in law Paulie as he visits the sights throughout the city where he and Adrian spent their first date Each location represent a special moment that helped Rocky and Adrian begin their life together. The most poignant of all was when he remembered inviting her into his apartment and how all he wanted was for her to trust him, which she did. In other words, he wanted Adrian to know that she was good to him, which is why he had no intention of hurting her. 

Rocky Remembering Adrian

The loss of Adrian leaves a permanent void in his life. While the film doesn't take the time to suggest that Rocky would find true fulfillment in the divine it does remind him that he is still alive and that his life still has a purpose because of the fact that he is still good. One of the purposes we all have is to love our neighbor (Matthew 22:39) and this does not change even when we lose our spouse. We are still people and we as well as others were made to be loved 

During the film Rocky reunites with an old friend he calls Lil' Marie, who is also someone he tried to mentor in their younger days. Once they reunite he begins the process of offering whatever help he can both to her and her son, even to the point of questioning who made her question her own worth as a person. 

Rocky Offers Marie a Job

Rocky would also start to think about doing something that always made him feel alive, which was boxing. While some see boxing as nothing more than a dangerous sport Rocky knew that it was more than that as it taught him so many lessons that applied to all of life. In fact, Adrian was a big supporter of her husband's boxing career once she had a better understanding of what it meant to him due to the fact that it helped make him into the man that he was. Thankfully for Rocky he had Marie to remind him that he had to do what made him happy regardless of how it looked to others.  

Fighters Fight

The first person to oppose the idea of Rocky fighting again was Paulie. Now that Adrian was gone Rocky struggled to find a purpose in life. He was obviously retired and spent many of those years with Adrian as they opened a restaurant that he continued to operate after her death. That did not mean that he did not miss the thing that burned inside of him. Rocky makes it clear to Paulie that he's not interested in doing anything really big or in trying to become a champion. He simply wants to compete because he recalls the purpose that it gave him. Perhaps that's what he meant when he said that there was still stuff in the basement or perhaps boxing will be the activity that will help him release the anger he was still feeling over the loss of Adrian. In some ways Rocky isn't clear but we certainly can see that he is looking for something to live for again. 

The Beast Inside

Of course just like in relationships there are those who question one's motives or desires when they decide to pursue something or someone. We remember in the first film when even Paulie questioned why Rocky would want to go out with his sister Adrian, going as far as calling her as a loser. In some ways it's no different than Rocky's son Robert asking him why he would want to box again due to the fact that people had already started to mock Rocky for his decision to fight again as well as the impact it would have on him being his son. To Robert's surprise, Rocky not only has a good answer for his son but also some harsh criticisms for his son, while also reminding him that he still loves him.  

Rocky's Inspirational Speech

Of course Robert's concern was due to the press conference that was held earlier in the day when members of the press ridiculed Rocky for being an old and washed up boxer that had no business being in the ring with the current heavyweight champion Mason Dixon. With Dixon also laughing at Rocky when questioned about the possibility of getting hurt in a fight that was seen by many as a publicity stunt, Rocky was the source public ridicule  No one saw any good in him! 

Press Conference

Sadly, the fact that Rocky had a boxing license should have told everyone that he was capable of at least competing. It's too bad the members of the press were not in attendance when Rocky's enthusiasm rather than his positive test results was the final bit of information that convinced the boxing commission to award him a license. His desire to fight was based on his determination to live his life being able to do the thing that made him feel alive. 

Rocky and the Boxing Commission

What is it about boxing that could teach so many of us about what it means to both compete and to persevere? The key to understanding this was when Dixon's trainer Martin spoke to him about the need to be tested. Here we see the idea of going through a great suffering in order to experience a great ecstasy, just like when a woman gives birth (see John 16:21). This is something that many of us can experience in life in order to see how good we really are because as Martin said, it leads to self-respect Rocky's experience as a boxer also allowed him to understand that, which he imparted to his own son. This is a lesson that applies to so many aspects of our lives. 

                                                      But the one who perseveres to the end will be saved. 

                                                                                           -Matthew 24:13 

Baptism Under Fire

This is why the boxing match at the end of the movie is the most beautiful match in the history of the Rocky franchise. It's not about winning and losing as much as it is about testing oneself. Rocky is there simply for the love of the sport, for the competition. Dixon is there to be tested by an opponent that won't quit since he had never faced a boxer with Rocky's experience and determination.

Rocky is the first to have to dig down as he is clearly over matched by Dixon's youth and boxing skills. After a couple of knock downs and awkward misses Rocky eventually figures out how to get to Dixon. Once this happens Dixon feels a type of pressure that he had never felt before. Aside from that, he also has to deal with a broken hand and then a knockdown, which certainly gave Rocky a huge psychological advantage.

As the fight goes on the two warriors battle each other without pause. Then in the final round Rocky is dropped by Dixon one last time and we can see that he is about to quit. That is when he looks at his son Robert and reminds himself that he needs to teach his son by example as he is now beyond words. He will teach his son through the thing that he knows best. 

The Last Round

No one would have criticized Rocky for staying down because they had already seen the effort he had put into the match. Fans also knew what Rocky had been through and accomplished in his previous bouts so he had nothing more to prove to anyone. Still, he was willing to experience the agony in order to feel the ecstasy, which in this case would be to demonstrate to his son how winning is done. It was a true form of sacrificial love (agape).

The nice thing about this scene being done in the context of a film are the visuals what show us all that Rocky was actually thinking. In this case he wasn't just knocked down in a boxing match because in his mind he was reviewing some of the toughest moments from his life. That means that he got to see how life also knocked him down with the worst thing being the death of Adrian. So, as he gets up to finish the match we also see him getting up to live his life to the fullest knowing that he has so much more to accomplish. Now we see more than ever why it was important for him to have this match because perhaps this was the only thing that could really remind him that he was good.

The bell rings while the two boxers were in the middle of the ring duking it out. Once the fight is over they embrace and it is there that Rocky tells Dixon that he is a great champion. The smile on Dixon's face says it all because he received such praise from a two time champion who defeated some of the greatest heavyweight boxers in history. This was the self-respect Dixon really wanted and the encouragement he received from Martin after the fight further revealed to him that he was in fact the champion that he hoped to be. He was indeed tested in the ring that night and he prove to himself and to the whole world that he had the heart to deal with the baptism of fire that Martin had referred to earlier in the film.

In the end we see that Rocky and Dixon in fact needed each other in order to show themselves as well as the world around them that they were in fact great warriors. This is where we can be indebted to our opponent as they give us the opportunity to test ourselves in order to see how great we can truly be. In doing so we acknowledge to our opponent that they are good and they in turn do the same to us because our efforts tested them in the same way.

Part One: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vqxO2v2dlg0

Part Two: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6h4oKzBTujE

Finally, we have the ending scene where Rocky goes to Adrian's grave to offer flowers and to let her know that once again, they did it. In other words, she is still in his heart but now we see a look on his face that we didn't see at the beginning of the film. Yes, he misses her but we can see as he walks away from her grave that he has more life to live. In the past it was Adrian that reminded him that he was good but now it was his other love, which was boxing, that reminded him that he was more than a man who lost his wife. He still has a son to love and we also see the impact he had on Marie https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ieU0NYiIyc as well as her son by reaching out and being kind to them (this is a deleted scene but it makes the point): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXVX7p8OgdA

We can't give what we don't have so the best way to show people they are good is to remind ourselves that we are also good. If there is one lesson we can learn from the love that was shown in all of the Rocky films it is this: you don't have to be the smartest person or the most famous person in the world to love someone. All you have to do is reach out to them and show them that they are good.

The impact will last a lifetime and this is best seen by the fact that Rocky never forgot the woman that showed him that he was in fact, good.
 
Carlos Solorzano 

• BA & MA in Religious Studies from Cal State Long Beach 
• Certified Through the Theology of the Body Institute 
• Speaker with Catholic Speakers Organization